Understanding Intellectual Disabilities

People with intellectual disabilities can present with such a vast variety of impairments,  that you would be surprised to learn they share the same diagnosis. That's because "intellectual disability" is a broad term covering a wide range of symptoms.

So, what is intellectual disability? Here's a quick overview of the condition, including signs of intellectual disabilities, how they’re diagnosed, and available interventions.

Diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities

To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability, a person must meet these three criteria:

1. They have “sub-average intellectual functioning.”
2. They have significant limitations in adaptive behavior in one or more of the following areas: conceptual, social, or practical skills.
3. The condition is apparent before the age of 22.

Let’s explore this in detail.

Intellectual functioning

Intellectual functioning is evaluated by IQ tests. An IQ test is just one piece of this puzzle, but an important one. A below-average IQ score may indicate impaired intellectual functioning. However, someone with impaired intellectual functioning may also struggle with:

• Language processing and problem-solving
• Reading, comprehending, and critical thinking
• Making multi-step plans
• Reasoning and applying logic

Although IQ tests are a useful objective measure of general intelligence, they're not 100% reliable. Some people may struggle to focus during the test or lack the life experience needed to answer certain knowledge-based questions, resulting in below-average scores. Those administering the test must use their clinical judgment when interpreting results.

Adaptive behaviors

Someone with impaired adaptive behaviors may struggle with the social or practical skills needed to live independently. People with intellectual and developmental disabilities usually have difficulty:

• Understanding social cues
• Maintaining healthy, normative relationships
• Doing basic self-care tasks or chores
• Performing daily activities, like preparing food or getting ready for bed

Adaptive skills are often assessed by speaking with parents, teachers, and others who interact with the child. Parents, teachers, or healthcare providers will often flag their concerns based on missed milestones or developmental screenings. 

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Adaptive skills may also be evaluated using a standardized test like the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS). 

To summarize, a diagnosis of intellectual disorders requires deficits in general intelligence and life skills, and these all need to be apparent before the age of 22. Early identification is key, as it allows for timely intervention, support, and skill-building strategies that can help individuals lead more independent and fulfilling lives. 

Types of intellectual disabilities

Intellectual and developmental disabilities vary widely. To better understand each child’s unique needs, the diagnosis is usually categorized into four levels:

1. Mild intellectual disability

Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities often face challenges in school and may need additional support. With appropriate guidance, they can usually learn practical life skills and maintain independence. 

Someone with a mild intellectual disability typically has an IQ between 50 and 70. About 85% of people diagnosed with an intellectual disability fall into this category.

2. Moderate intellectual disability

Moderate intellectual disabilities can affect language development, often requiring ongoing support in daily activities and social interactions. With proper intervention, individuals can acquire basic communication and self-care skills. An IQ score between 35 and 50 is typical for this level.

3. Severe intellectual disability

Individuals with severe intellectual disabilities face significant challenges in communication, learning, and daily tasks. They often require substantial assistance and benefit from a structured and supportive environment. Someone with a severe intellectual disability typically has an IQ between 20 and 35.

4. Profound intellectual disability

This level is rare, affecting only about 1.5% of individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities. Most people with profound intellectual disabilities have co-occurring medical conditions or disabilities. 

Their severe cognitive impairments often result in limited or no communication abilities, and they require constant support for basic needs like mobility and daily living activities. An IQ score below 20 is typical for this level.

Co-occurring conditions of intellectual disabilities

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities often have other co-occurring conditions, most commonly the following:

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Some individuals with intellectual disabilities also fall within the autism spectrum.
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): ADHD commonly coexists with intellectual disabilities.
• Epilepsy: Seizure disorders, like epilepsy, can frequently accompany intellectual disabilities.
• Sensory processing disorders: Heightened or diminished sensitivity to sensory stimulation, such as touch, sound, or light, is common among those with intellectual disabilities.
• Mental health conditions: Conditions like anxiety, depression, or mood disorders can co-occur with intellectual disabilities. These conditions can be challenging to diagnose, especially if the individual has limited verbal capabilities.

Understanding the co-occurring conditions that often accompany intellectual and developmental disabilities is essential for providing comprehensive care and support. These additional challenges can impact an individual’s daily life, communication, and well-being.

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Living with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Intellectual disabilities are a lifelong condition. However, with early diagnosis of intellectual disability and appropriate interventions, individuals with the condition can achieve many, if not all, significant milestones and live rich, fulfilling lives. 

Depending on your state of residence, your child may qualify for early intervention services, including speech or occupational therapies, designed to support their developmental progress from a young age. 

Special education programs can provide tailored educational experiences through modified lesson plans, individualized instruction, and targeted support services—often formalized in an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). 

Additionally, behavioral and therapeutic approaches, such as those led by psychologists, ABA therapists, or mental health professionals, can help address adaptive behaviors like social skills and emotional regulation. 

As individuals with intellectual disabilities transition into adulthood, vocational training and independent living support become increasingly important, offering skill-building programs, job coaching, and assistance in securing meaningful employment opportunities.

Wrapping up

Parenting in general is no simple task, and parenting a child with intellectual disabilities is even more challenging. It is important to accept the support available to you — be it from government programs, supportive friends, or the broader community. 

With a strong support system and a lot of patience, you and your child can live a life of growth, connection, and meaningful accomplishments. Hamaspik is here to guide and support you every step of the way—reach out today to learn more about how we can help.

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